Gum diseases can be categorized into two broad groups, namely gingivitis and periodontitis.
Gingivitis can be an inflammation with the gingivae (gums) in all ages but manifests with greater regularity in youngsters and adults.
Periodontitis is surely an inflammation with subsequent destruction of the other tooth-supporting structures, namely the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum and subsequent loss of teeth. This issue mainly manifests in early middle age with severity increasing in the elderly.
Gingivitis can or may progress to periodontitis state within an individual.
Gum diseases have been discovered being the most widespread chronic diseases the world over having a prevalence of between 90 and 100 % in older adults over 35 years in developing countries. It’s got recently been shown to be the explanation for tooth loss in individuals Four decades and above.
Halitosis bad breath is one of the major consequences of gum diseases.
Some of the terms which are greatly associated with bad breath and gum diseases are the following:
Dental Plaque- The primary requirement for the prevention and treatment of a disease can be an comprehension of its causes. The key source of gum diseases is bacteria, which form an intricate for the tooth surface generally known as plaque. These bacteria’s would be the root cause of smelly breath.
Dental plaque is bacterial accumulations around the teeth or any other solid oral structures. If it’s of sufficient thickness, it appears as being a whitish, yellowish layer mainly down the gum margins around the tooth surface. Its presence can be discerned by way of a conventional dye or fluorescent dye (demonstrated by illumination with ultraviolet light), disclosing solution or by scraping your tooth surface over the gum margins.
When plaque is examined underneath the microscope, it reveals a multitude of a variety of bacteria. Some desquamated oral epithelial cells and white blood cells can also be present. The micro-organisms detected vary in accordance with the site where they may be present.
You will find gram positive and gram negative organisms, filamentous and flagellated organisms, spirochetes and occasionally small amounts of even yeasts, mycoplasma and protozoa.
Clean tooth surfaces after brushing are normally protected by a skinny layer of glycoproteins from saliva called pellicle. Pellicle provides for the selective adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface.
Throughout the initial few hours, the bacteria proliferate to create colonies. Furthermore, other organisms will even populate the pellicle from adjacent areas to form a complex accumulation of mixed colonies. The fabric present involving the bacteria is termed intermicrobial matrix forming about 25 % from the plaque volume. This matrix is mainly extra cellular carbohydrate polymers manufactured by the bacteria from dietary sugars; salivary and gingival fluid components; and dying and dead bacteria.
Little plaque are works with gingival or periodontal health. Some individuals can resist larger levels of plaque for long periods without developing destructive periodontitis (inflammation and destruction in the supporting tissues) whilst they will exhibit gingivitis (inflammation of the gums or gingiva).
Diet And Plaque Formation- Diet may play an important part in plaque formation by modifying just how much and composition of plaque. More the plaque formation would be, there’ll be more smelly breath.
Fermentable sugars increase plaque formation because they provide additional energy supply for bacterial metabolic process and offer the recycleables (substrate) for that output of extra cellular polysaccharides.
Secondary Factors
Although plaque will be the primary cause of gum diseases, several others viewed as secondary factors, local and systemic, predispose towards plaque accumulation or alter the response of gum tissue to plaque. A nearby factors are:
1) Cavities from the teeth;
2) Faulty fillings;
3) Food impaction;
4) Poorly designed partial dentures (dentures);
5) Orthodontic appliances;
6) Misaligned teeth;
7) mouth-breathing
8) Grooves on teeth or roots near gum margins;
9) Reduced salivary flow; and,
10) Smoking tobacco.
The systemic factors which potentially modify the gum tissues are:
1) Systemic diseases, e.g. diabetes, Down’s syndrome, AIDS, blood disorders yet others;
2) Hormonal changes – during puberty, pregnancy, contraceptives intake and menopause;
3) Drug reactions, e.g. immunosuppressive drugs, antihypertensive drugs and antiepileptic drugs; and,
4) Dietary and nutritional factors, e.g. protein deficiency and ascorbic acid and B deficiency.
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